It’s well known that type 2 diabetes can increase the risk for heart disease, kidney disease, nerve damage, and amputations. But complications associated with poor blood sugar control can affect other parts of the body, too.
“When we talk about diabetes complications, we talk about it from head to toe” says Cathy Reeder-McIntosh, RN, a certified diabetes educator at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina. “Even if you don’t have perfectly controlled blood sugar, lowering your A1C level — which measures your average blood sugar level over the past two to three months — even a small amount helps reduce your risk of complications.
However, some people won’t make changes until they see signs of complications caused by years of high blood sugar, according to Reeder-McIntosh. To keep that from happening, you should be aware of these 6 lesser-known diabetes complications and how to avoid them.
1. Cognitive decline
“Certainly there is a lot of evidence that high blood sugar affects memory and attention chronically over time,” says Katherine Lewis, MD, MSCR, an assistant professor in the division of endocrinology, diabetes, and medical genetics at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston. Imaging tests of the brains of people with diabetes showed that diabetes is correlated with brain changes, according to research published in July 2014 in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. Although doctors don’t fully understand the relationship, Dr. Lewis said, controlling blood sugar may help reduce the risk for altered memory and cognition.
2. Depression
People with diabetes are at increased risk for depression when compared with their peers, according to a review of data from 16 studies, published in the February 2015 issue of the Community Mental Health Journal. Symptoms of depression include sadness, hopelessness, despair, irritability, changing sleep patterns, and a loss of interest in people and activities you once enjoyed, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. Depression can be treated, so let your doctor know if you have these symptoms.
3. Hearing loss
Hearing loss appears to be about twice as common in people with diabetes as it is in those who don’t have the disease, according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Signs of hearing loss include difficulty hearing what people are saying to you, needing to turn up the television and radio, feeling that people around you are always mumbling, and struggling to keep up with conversations in a crowded or noisy room. Reeder-McIntosh suggests seeing an audiologist to check your hearing if you have any concerns.
4. Gum disease
People with diabetes may be at risk for gum disease. “We see that gum disease in diabetes is related to high blood sugar,” says Lewis. The ADA recommends that people with diabetes watch for such warning signs of gum disease as bleeding, sore, or swollen gums as well as more severe changes in your mouth, such as loosening teeth. To help prevent gum disease, brush and floss your teeth regularly and visit your dentist every six months.
5. Skin infections
“If blood sugar is elevated, any risk of infection goes up,” says Reeder-McIntosh. The ADA says you might see more skin infections, including styes, boils, infected hair follicles, nail infections, and deeper skin infections called carbuncles. Symptoms include painful, red areas in your skin. In addition to controlling blood sugar, following the ADA’s recommended daily skin care routine can help prevent infection. This includes keeping skin clean and dry, keeping sores and cuts clean and covered, and moisturizing skin.
6. Fungal infections
Diabetes can raise your risk for fungal infections, too. “Things like to grow in a nice, warm, sugary environment,” Reeder-McIntosh explains. This includes fungal infections such as vaginal yeast infections, jock itch, ring worm, and athlete’s foot, according to the ADA. Symptoms include itching, red areas surrounded by white scales, and even a yeasty or fungal smell. To treat these infections, see a doctor. You can help avoid them by keeping your skin clean and dry.
7. Bone loss
People diagnosed with diabetes are 20 percent more likely to experience a hip fracture than their peers, according to research published in February 2015 in Osteoporosis International. Lewis says that this could be due to high blood sugar levels weakening the bone matrix. Lower bone density happens silently, so your best bet for prevention is to control blood sugar, get a bone density screening, and learn how to reduce your risk for falls.
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